Probiotics as Potential Biological Immunomodulators in the Management of Oral Lichen Planus: What’s New?

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T cell‐mediated chronic inflammatory disorder with multifactorial aetiology and malignant transformation potential. Despite the treatments so far identified, new tailored and safe specific measures are needed. Recently, human microbiota imbalance has been linked to several immune‐mediated diseases, opening new therapeutic perspectives for probiotics; besides their ability to directly interact with the host microbiota, they also display a strain‐specific immune‐modulatory effect. Thus, this non‐systematic review aims to elucidate the molecular pathways underlying probiotic activity, mainly those of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria and their metabolites in OLP pathogenesis and malignant transformation, focusing on the most recent in vitro and in vivo research evidence. Findings related to their activity in other immune‐mediated diseases are here included, suggesting a probiotic translational use in OLP. Probiotics show immune‐modulatory and microbiota‐balancing activities; they protect the host from pathogens, hamper an excessive effector T cell response, reduce nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐ kB) signalling and basal keratinocytes abnormal apoptosis, shifting the mucosal response towards the production of anti‐inflammatory cytokines, thus preventing uncontrolled damage. Therefore, probiotics could be a highly encouraging prevention and immunotherapeutic approach for a safer and more sustainable OLP management