Histological and molecular analysis of Rdg2a barley resistance to leaf stripe

Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) leaf stripe is caused by the seed-borne fungus Pyrenophora graminea . We investigated microscopically and molecularly the reaction of barley embryos to leaf stripe inoculation. In the resistant genotype NIL3876- Rdg2a , fungal growth ceased at the scutellar node of the embryo, while in the susceptible near-isogenic line (NIL) Mircordg2a fungal growth continued past the scutellar node and into the embryo. Pathogenchallenged embryos of resistant and susceptible NILs showed different levels of UV autofluorescence and toluidine blue staining, indicating differential accumulation of phenolic compounds. Suppression subtractive hybridization and cDNA amplified fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP) analyses of embryos identified P. graminea -induced and P. graminea -repressed barley genes. In addition, cDNA-AFLP analysis identified six pathogenicityassociated fungal genes expressed during barley infection but at low to undetectable levels during growth on artificial media. Microarrays representing the entire set of differentially expressed cDNA-AFLP fragments and 100 barley homologues of previously described defence-related genes were used to study gene expression changes at 7 and 14 days after inoculation in the resistant and susceptible NILs. A total of 171 significantly modulated barley genes were identified and assigned to four groups based on timing and genotype dependence of expression. Analysis of the changes in gene expression during the barley resistance response to leaf stripe suggests that the Rdg2a -mediated response includes cell-wall reinforcement, signal transduction, generation of reactive oxygen species, cell protection, jasmonate signalling and expression of plant effector genes. The identification of genes showing leaf stripe inoculation or resistance-dependent expression sets the stage for further dissection of the resistance response of barley embryo cells to leaf stripe.