The governance of counter-exploitation policies in agriculture in Italy Lagging behind despite progressive legislations

This report examines Law 199/2016 against labour exploitation and gang-mastering paying particular attention to irregular migrant work. The analysis reveals complex, multi-stakeholder and multi-level governance arrangements concerning both the formulation and the implementation of Law. Nevertheless, the most effective actions appear to be governed by hierarchical arrangements and migrant workers have been largely excluded from formulation and implementation governance, with trade unions serving as the only channel through which migrants manage to participate. Moreover, implementation has been carried out mainly through projects, producing territorial fragmentation and discontinuity over time.