Peptide-Based Hydrogels and Nanogels Containing Gd(III) Complexes as T1 Relaxation Agents

New peptide-based hydrogels incorporating Gd(III) chelates with different hydration states, molecular structures and overall negative charges ([Gd(BOPTA)](2-)), [Gd(DTPA)](2-), and ([Gd(AAZTA)](-)) were prepared and characterized. N-terminal Fmoc- or acetyl-derivatized hexapeptides (K1, K2 and K3) containing five aliphatic amino acids (differently ordered Gly, Ala, Val, Leu and Ile) and a charged lysine at the amidated C-terminal were used for the formation of the hydrogels. Particular attention was paid to the investigation of the morphological and rheological properties of the nanoparticles, in addition to the assessment of the ability (relaxivity) of the confined complexes to accelerate the longitudinal relaxation rate of the water protons localized in the polymeric network. The relaxivity values at high magnetic fields (>0.5 T) of the paramagnetic hydrogels appear to be more than five times higher than those of isolated chelates in an aqueous solution, reaching a value of 25 mmol(-1) s(-1) for Fmoc-K2+[Gd(BOPTA)](2-) at 0.5 T and 310 K. Furthermore, an interesting trend of decrease of relaxivity with increasing the degree of rigidity of the hydrogel was observed. The type of interactions between the various complexes and the polymeric network also plays a key role in influencing the relaxivity values of the final materials. Nanogels were also obtained from the submicronization of the hydrogel containing [Gd(BOPTA)](2-) chelate. Circular dichroism, dynamic light scattering and relaxometric investigations on these nanoparticles revealed the formation of nanogels endowed with higher relaxivities (r(1) = 41 mM(-1) s(-1) at 0.5 T MHz and 310 K) than the corresponding hydrogels.